The first peace treaty in History

Who was Ramses II?
Ramses II was the son of King Seti I and the 3rd Ruler of the 19th Dynasty (Born in 1303 B.C.\Died in1213 B.C.). He is often referred to as the greatest King in the 19th Dynasty who ruled from 1279 B.C. to 1213 B.C. (Ruled almost for 67 years but he died in the 2nd month of the 67th year) He is seen as the most famous and powerful pharaoh throughout the era of the Egyptian Empire. Maybe because his wide spread monuments allover Egypt, maybe because he was the first one to think about the peace treaty or maybe because of his long peaceful reign but what we can guess that he was a great King in the Egyptian History. The successors was not as strong as Ramses II, he led several military campaigns to the Levant and restored Egyptian control of Canaan. He also led campaigns south to Nubia, where two of his sons went with him and were also inscribed in scenes on the walls of the Temple of Beit Wali.

At the age of 14, Ramses was appointed Crown Prince by his father, Seti I. He is believed to have sat on the throne in his late teenage years and is known as the ruler of Egypt from 1279 B.C to 1213 B.C for 67 years, two months, according to both Manetho and Egypt's contemporary historical records. It was said that he lived till his 90s, but was likely died at 91. He was most probably became Pharaoh in 1279 B.C as most Egyptologists believe today, he sat on the throne at the age of 31 based on the history of his elevation to the throne was on 27th the third month of the Šmw season. Ramses II celebrated the ḥb-sd fourteen times during his reign (the ḥb-sd is a Jubilee Festival was celebrated by the King usually every 30 years to renew his reign but the Kings in ancient Egypt usually used to celebrate the ḥb-sd every 4 years after celebrating it for the first time). In his death, he was buried in his tomb KV7 in the Valley of the Kings; His body was later transferred to the tomb of Pinedjem II where it was discovered in 1881, and is now on display at the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization.

The first period of his rule was centered on the construction of cities, temples and monuments. He founded the city of Bi Ramses in the Nile Delta as his new capital and the main base of his campaigns to Syria. The city was built on the ruins of the Hyksos capital, Avaris, when he took office, and was the site of the group's main temple. He is also known as Ozamendis in Greek sources, translated literally into Greek for part of the name of the coronation of Ramses, "The truth of the Great Ra, the choice of Ra”

His Family:

Ramses II was the son of Pharaoh Seti I and Queen Tuya; he was a co-regent with his father. He accompanied his father during his military campaigns to Nubia, the Levant and Libya at the age of 14. Prior to the age of 22, he was leading campaigns himself. Ramses was appointed in expanded restoration projects and construction of a new mansion in Avaris, after Seti I died, Ramses took the throne. Ramses II ruled for nearly 67 years and married a lot of women, with having many concubines and secondary wives. He married some of the royal princes such as Nefertari (His beloved wife as we can see his love to her in the structures was built to her in his reign like her magnificent tomb in Queens valley that you can’t miss and the temple of goddess Hathor and dedicate the temple for her and made her represented as Hathor with her two horns solar disk crown and her statues is tall as his statues beside his Abu Simbel Temple with the spectacular architectural plan to control the way of the sun rays to full perpendicular on the face of the statues of the king two times a year in the day of the Nile inundation and in the day of the crops harvesting)   and Est Nefert, he also married the daughter of the King of Khita and called her Egyptian name "Ma'at Neferu Ra", he also married three of his daughters. His male children held important positions in the State, the most important of which was his son, Khumaus, whose father, in his 30th year of rule, considered making him crown prince, but he died in the 55 year of his father's rule. The earliest son of his life died, so his thirteenth son from his wife Est Nefert succeeded him who Ramses II had chosen him as Crown Prince after Khamwas died.

His Reign:

Ramses took the throne after the death of his father, Seti I, after choosing him as Crown Prince and taking him into state administration. The age of Ramses is unknown when his father died, but he is likely to be less than 25 years old, as he was the father of two children who went with him to the Nubian Country as inscribed on the walls of the Temple of Beit Wali. Ramses II did not begin his reign by reversing his father's treaty of friendship with the Hittites, but rather directed his attention to consolidating his rule, ordering the finishing up all the unfinished business that his father had begun as the Temple of Abydos. He then considered exploiting desert mines following his father's policy. Around the fourth year of his reign, he went on to campaign to the periphery of Asia to consolidate Egyptian influence and assure ports and transport. Later, during his fifth year in power, he returned there, packing his armies to clash with the Hittites, in the Battle of Kadesh. During the reign of Ramses II, the Egyptian army had approximately 100,000 men; it was an enormous force he used to strengthen Egypt's influence.

Campaigns and battles:

Ramses II led several campaigns north to the Levant, and in the second Battle of Kadesh in the fourth year of his rule (1274 B.C. Under his command, the Egyptian forces clashed with the Hittites King's forces for 15 years, but neither side was able to defeat the other. Thus, in the twenty-first year of his rule (1258 B.C.), Ramses II concluded a treaty between Egypt and the Hittites with Khatusheli III, the oldest peace treaty in history.

Ramses II attacks Africans:

Ramses II also led several campaigns to south of the first Cataract to Nubia, and Ramses II established the city (Pr Ra'amisu) in the east of the delta, including running his battles with the Hittites. Some claimed that it had been taken by a new capital of the country, which was not true the capital remained Thebes as most of the important monuments are there. Ramses II was distinguished in martial arts and wars and was intelligent in thinking about the solution at the same moment. He was also skilled in riding, fighting with swords, fencing and throwing arrows. He was also kind, ethical and loving to his people.